A complete tutorial on building an Arduino obstacle avoidance car from basic to advanced

Arduino obstacle avoidance car making tutorial In today's era of rapid technological development, Arduino, as an open source hardware platform, is favored by electronics enthusiasts and developers because of its ease of use and low cost.

Through Arduino, we can achieve a variety of interesting projects, of which the obstacle avoidance car is a classic example.

This article will take you from scratch, step by step to build a car that can avoid obstacles autonomously, allowing you to deeply understand the mystery of Arduino programming.

I. Required materials.

First, we need to prepare the following materials: 1. Arduino development board (e.g. Arduino Uno) 2. Motor drive module (such as L298N) 3. DC motor and wheels 4. Ultrasonic sensor (for detecting obstacles) 5. Bread board and jumper 6. Power module (such as lithium battery or power bank) 7. Other auxiliary materials (such as screwdriver, tape, etc.)

2. Hardware construction.

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1. The motor is connected to the drive module.

Connect the two DC motors to the output end of the motor drive module respectively, and pay attention not to connect the positive and negative electrodes backwards.

Then connect the input terminal of the motor drive module to the digital pin of the Arduino development board. For the specific connection method, please refer to the pin diagram of L298N.

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2. Ultrasonic sensor connection.

Connect the VCC and GND of the ultrasonic sensor to the 5V and GND of the Arduino development board, respectively, connect the Trig (trigger) pin to a digital pin of the Arduino, and connect the Echo (echo) pin to a digital pin.

In this way, we have completed the basic construction of the hardware.

Three, software programming.

Next, we began to write the Arduino program to implement the obstacle avoidance function.

Here is a simple example code:

#define trigPin 9 // 超声波传感器Trig引脚
#define echoPin 10 // 超声波传感器Echo引脚
#define motorLeftA 3 // 左电机A相
#define motorLeftB 4 // 左电机B相
#define motorRightA 5 // 右电机A相
#define motorRightB 6 // 右电机B相

void setup() {
  pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
  pinMode(motorLeftA, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motorLeftB, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motorRightA, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motorRightB, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  long duration, distance;

  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  delayMicroseconds(2);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
  delayMicroseconds(10);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

  duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
  distance = (duration / 2) / 29.1; // 计算距离（单位：厘米）

  if (distance < 30) { // 如果距离小于30厘米，则执行避障操作
    goBackward();
    delay(500);
    turnAround();
    delay(500);
    goForward();
  } else {
    goForward(); // 如果前方无障碍，则继续前进
  }
}

void goForward() {
  digitalWrite(motorLeftA, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorLeftB, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorRightA, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorRightB, LOW);
}

void goBackward() {
  digitalWrite(motorLeftA, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorLeftB, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorRightA, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorRightB, HIGH);
}

void turnAround() {
  digitalWrite(motorLeftA, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(motorLeftB, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorRightA, LOW);
  digitalWrite(motorRightB, LOW);
}

IV. Debugging and optimization.

After uploading the program, we can debug and optimize the trolley.

First check whether the motor is working properly, and then observe whether the measurement value of the ultrasonic sensor is accurate.

If you find a problem, you can check whether the hardware connection is correct or adjust the parameters in the program.

In addition, we can also try to add more features, such as using infrared obstacle avoidance sensors, adding bluetooth controls, etc.

V. Summary and Outlook.

Through this tutorial, we learned how to use Arduino to build an obstacle avoidance trolley.

From hardware construction to software programming, to debugging and optimization, every step is full of challenges and fun.

I hope this article can help you better understand Arduino programming and stimulate your interest in electronic production.

In the future, we can also try more Arduino projects, such as intelligent robots, IoT devices, etc., to make our lives more intelligent and convenient.